1. PRE-COURSE QUIZ

Helicopter A is overtaking Helicopter B. Which one has the right of way? 

Helicopter B – the pilot should expect to be passed on the left 
Helicopter B – the pilot should expect to be passed on the right  
Helicopter A – the pilot should alter course to the right to pass  
Helicopter A – the pilot should maintain heading

An aircraft is flying at 2300ft AMSL and 90kts IAS in uncontrolled airspace. In order to comply with VMC minima the required conditions are: 

1.5nm flight visibility, clear of cloud, in sight of the surface 
1500m flight visibility, clear of cloud, insight of the surface 
5km flight visibility, clear of cloud, 1500m horizontally, and 1000ft vertically clear of cloud
5km flight visibility, clear of cloud

In UK Class D airspace, to remain within VMC minima below 3000ft AMSL when a helicopter is flying below 140kts IAS, the minimum flight visibility is:

1.5km 
3km
7km 
5km

If you are in distress what frequency do you transmit your call on and with what phrase?

Make a distress call to London Centre on 121.5 MHz and start call with “MAYDAY MAYDAY MAYDAY”
Call to London Centre on 121.5 and start call with “PANPAN PANPAN PAN”
Make a call on whatever frequency is currently set and start call with “MAYDAY MAYDAY MAYDAY”
Change frequency to your departure or destination aerodrome, whichever is closer, and start call with “MAYDAY MAYDAY MAYDAY”

How is operationally significant information for your flight, which is not covered by AIP amendments or supplements, made available? 

As a NOTAM 
Through the Flight Information Promulgation (FLIP) service  
In a CAA Information Notice
By calling the ATSU Pilot Briefing Service

What pressure settings are used to indicate respectively Height and Altitude? 

QNH and QFE
QFE and QNH
1013 and QFE  
QNH and QFU

What is a Control Zone (CTR)? 

A controlled airspace extending upwards from ground level with no upper limit 
A controlled airspace extending upwards from the surface of the earth to a specified upper limit
A controlled airspace extending from a given altitude to an upper specified limit or flight level
A controlled airspace that extends from a given altitude to another specified altitude

What is the purpose of an Aerodrome Flight Information Service? 

To provide advice and clearances to pilots operating outside controlled airspace  
To ensure separation between participating aircraft
To issue clearances and instructions with which pilots must comply
To provide information useful for the safe and efficient conduct of aerodrome traffic

Which of the following statements is most accurate in relation to the Pilot in Command (PIC)? 

The PIC may depart from the rules of the air if absolutely necessary in the interest of safety 
The PIC may deviate from the rules of the air only with the permission of the aircraft owner or operator 
The PIC may never deviate from the applicable rules of the air  
The PIC may depart from the rules of the air only with the permission of the Air Traffic Control Unit

What classes on airspace are defined as “uncontrolled”? 

Classes E, F and G 
Class G only 
Classes F and G  
Classes D, E, F, and G

In which of the following airspace classes does Part-SERA require a pilot flying under VFR below 3000 feet to keep the surface in sight at all times? 

Classes B,C, D, E, F and G 
Classes F and G 
Classes B,C,D and E 
Class F only

Regarding aircraft navigation lights.

They are different depending on whether the aircraft is commercial or for general aviation and depending on aircraft type.
They must be red on port side and green on starboard side and white at the rear
They must be red and flash once per second
They are flashing white on large commercial aircraft and flashing green on small general aviation

Is a pilot’s performance affected by their personality? 

A pilot’s personality never affects their decision-making process 
Extroverts never make poor decisions
Only introverts suffer from poor performance
Personality can influence a pilot’s decision and reasoning processes

How does the practical application of TEM (threat and error management) improve safety in the flight environment?

By accepting that flying is not 100% safe and accepting the risks involved  
By encouraging pilots to practice emergency situations  
By attempting to eliminate completely threats and errors  
By thinking ahead in order to predict threats and errors, preventing serious consequences arising.

From the list below, what are the main dangers of fatigue?  1.A fatigued pilot may be unaware that their performance has degraded  

2.A fatigued pilot may not accept that their performance has degraded when assessed  

3.A fatigued pilot has reduced awareness  

No. 2 and 3 
Only no.1 
Only no. 3 
No. 1, 2 and 3

Which of the following are symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning? 

Hyper tension, ear ache and loss of judgement 
Headache, hyperventilation, impaired judgement and nausea  
Hyper ventilation, bleeding nose, and loss of hearing  
Hyperventilation, head ache and ear ache

How is an Error defined? 

Errors occurring within the aircraft cockpit 
Events that occur outside the influence of the flight crew 
 A combination of events and occurrences that are easily recognised and resolved  
Flight crew actions and inactions that lead to a deviation

What is situational awareness

Being very clear of your geographical location
Maintaining a good lookout
Having full knowledge and understanding of yourself, your aircraft state and your environment
Being alert and aware of all aspects of the tasks you are involved in

A false perception of the aircraft’s attitude and/or flight path is best described as: 

Confirmation bias  
Hypoxia  
Cognitive Coping  
Spatial disoreintation

What is true about the information stored in a persons “long term memory”? 

It is completely reliable but difficult to recover 
It is completely reliable and easy to recover  
It is completely unreliable and should be ignored  
It is influenced by the perception of past events and cannot be totally relied upon

How is a Threat defined? 

Errors occurring within the aircraft cockpit  
A combination of events and occurrences that are easily recognised and received  
Events that occur outside the influence of the flight crew  
Flight crew actions or inactions that lead to a deviation

Which of the following will increase the severity of and susceptibility of hypoxia? 

If the pilot is in good health  
Flight at low altitude 
If the pilot has little flying experience 
If the pilot is a smoker

What is aeronautical decision making

Deciding if the weather is suitable for the flight
Using all available resources to continually assess and determine the safest course of action throughout the flight.
Route planning and/or re-planning to avoid weather danger areas
Diagnosing malfunctions

Wake turbulence is due to:

Sudden changes in wind speed
Microbursts
The vortices from the tips and trailing edges of aeroplanes and helicopters
Strong winds moving around high ground

Windshear can be assumed when

The aircraft suddenly loses tail rotor effectiveness
The aircraft suddenly climbs during an approach and increases in airspeed
The aircraft suddenly climbs during approach and increases in ground speed
The aircraft suddenly becomes sloppy on the controls, judders and randomly pitches rolls or yaws.

If there is an engine fire the first thing to do

Close the vents
Enter autorotation
Switch the cabin heat off
Switch off battery

What sort of weather could indicate turbulence?

Low level layered stratus cloud
Small culumus cloud
Large cumulonimbus cloud
High level layered stratus cloud

During a lift off you should be mindful of the recovery procedures for:

Dynamic rollover
Vortex ring state
Blade sailing
Retreating blade stall

During forward flight which limitations and recovery procedures should you be mindful of which of the following: 1. High disc loading

2. Retreating blade stall

3. Loss of Tail Rotor Effectiveness

4. Mast bumping

5. Vortex Ring State

6. Vortex Ring State of the Tail

7. Overpitching

8. Engine failure

9. Maximum power

10. Turbulence

11. Ground resonance

12.Steep turns at high speed

All the above
3,5,6,7,8
1,2,4,7,8,9,10,12
1,2,3,5,6,7,8,10

What is the need for spacing between aircraft when crossing runways or lining up?

To avoid wake turbulence
To avoid jet blasts
In case the aeroplane reverses
To avoid excess weight on the runway

What are the symptoms of Loss of Tail Rotor Effectiveness (LTE)?

Uncommanded roll on the retreating blade
Loss of main rotor RPM
High rate of descent and random pitch, roll and yaw
Uncommanded rapid yaw rate that does not subside of its own accord

Why can rotor downwash be dangerous?

It is capable of blowing over even heavy objects some distance away
It can place an excessive force on the top of the fuselage and strain the gearbox mountings
In a headwind it can make the tail rotor flap excessively
It can make the surface vibrate enough to cause ground resonance

What are the most safety critical weather considerations when flying above mountainous terrain?

Icing conditions higher than the predicted freezing level
Cold temperatures causing gearboxes to seize
Carburettor icing in piston engines
Unexpected changes in wind and turbulence.

The load factor describes the relationship between…

weight and thrust.
drag and lift.
thrust and drag.
lift and weight.

The correlator (for pitch compensation)…

overlays periodic and collective control inputs from the pilot.
opens the throttle when the collective is raised.
increases rotor RPM when the carburettor heat is turned on.
disables the engine via a spring-loaded resistance.

What happens to a helicopter during cruise when the cyclic stick is moved forward without other corrections?

The speed increases and the sink rate decreases
The speed increases and the sink rate increases
The speed decreases and the sink rate increases
The speed decreases and the sink rate decreases

Where does a geometrically twisted rotor blade have its largest pitch angle?

Between rotor blade tips and rotor blade roots
Next to the rotor blade roots
Next to the rotor blade tips
contact pressure.

Which components do rotor blades made of synthetic material contain?

Spar of synthetic material, filling material and outer skin of synthetic material, erosion protection of aluminium
Spar of stainless steel, filling material and Aluminium alloy outer skin and erosion protection of synthetic material
Spar of lead and synthetic material, filling material and outer skin of synthetic material, erosion protection of stainless steel
Spar of aluminium and synthetic material, filling material and outer skin and erosion protection of synthetic material

With increasing altitude and unchanged mixture setting, the air/fuel mixture…

stays constant.
becomes liquid.
becomes more lean.
becomes richer.

How can the belts of a belt clutch be tightened?

Extension of a pneumatic (air driven) cylinder
Increase of engine RPM
Approximation of two rotating plates
Increase of distance between pulleys

Where does the condensation water converge in the fuel tank?

It floats on the fuel
It is mixed with the fuel
At the lowest position
Near the cap of the tank

What is an Attitude Indicator?

A gyroscopic instrument that shows how high the aircraft is
A gyroscopic instrument that shows pitch and bank information
A pressure instrument that shows pitch bank and roll information
A pressure instrument that shows how high the aircraft is

How does an altimeter measure altitude?

Using an Infrared light signal that bounces off terrain and calculating from the speed of light and return time
By measuring the total pressure of the air and static pressure of the air then subtracting the static pressure from the total pressure then multiplying the difference in pressure by 30ft/hPa.
By sensing the static pressure and comparing it to a datum pressure the difference is then multiplied by 30ft/hPa.
Using frequency modulated radio wave signals and comparing the frequency between the current signal and the last return signal, relating the difference in frequency to the time and using that with the speed of light to calculate distance.

What is a TAF?

A satellite image showing clouds over a large area
A forecast report of predicted weather at an airport
A map showing frontal systems and isobars over a large area
A report of the current weather conditions being experienced at an airport

Which conditions are most likely to lead to radiation fog?

Cloudless night, high relative humidity, no wind
Cloudless night, high relative humidity, wind 5-7kts
Cloud covered day, high relative humidity, wind 5-7kts
Cloudless day, low relative humidity, no wind

An aircraft is initially flying with an indicated altitude of 4000’ on the regional QNH of 1019hPa in an air mass with ISA temperature structure. The aircraft transits into air where the temperature is warmer than ISA. If the QNH, altimeter and subscale setting remain the same, what will the aircraft’s true altitude now be?

Lower than 4000’
2000’
Higher than 4000’
Cannot tell without more information

What cloud name means “rain bearing”?

Nimbostratus
Cirrus
Lenticular
Stratus

With what type of weather would “Lenticular” cloud be associated?

Drizzle
Mountain wave
Katabatic winds
Thunderstorms

Unstable conditions are associated with…

Low Pressure Systems
High Pressure Systems
Anticyclones
Warm fronts

In ISA conditions MSL temperature is

20oC
15oC
17.5oC
18.3oC

In ISA conditions MSL pressure is

1013.25hPa
500hPa
3600hPa
1.225hPa

Sea breeze is most likely to occur

At night
Between October and December
During the day
Between July and September

Carburettor icing is most likely to occur

In temperatures below – 15oC with high humidity
In temperatures between -10°C to +25°C with high humidity
In temperatures below –25oC with any amount of humidity
In temperatures between –20oC to –5oC with any amount of humidity

The fuel gauge for your aircraft is calibrated in US Gallons and indicates 12 Gallons. The fuel truck dispenses in litres. If you need 40 US Gallons for a planned trip, how much should you ask the refueller to dispense?

127 litres
82 litres
106 litres
152 litres

At what speed would you normally obtain the best range from a helicopter?

At a speed lower than endurance speed
Vy
At a speed greater than minimum power speed
At minimum power speed

Which of the following conditions would have the greatest benefit on the helicopter take-off distance?

Downwind take-off
Low all up mass
Low density altitude
Into wind take-off

Having conducted a power check before landing, you find there is insufficient power to approach to an in-ground effect hover. Which of the following techniques would it be most appropriate to use for the approach and landing?

Shallow approach to normal hover
Vertical out of ground effect approach and vertical descent
Out of ground effect hover
Running landing

What information can be derived from the Height-Velocity diagram?

Areas of operation where it is not possible to achieve a hover out of ground effect (HOGE) at Maximum all up mass (MAUM) and in calm wind conditions
Areas of operation that should be avoided during powered flight because a safe landing at Maximum all up mass (MAUM) and in calm wind conditions from an autorotation cannot be guaranteed
Areas of operation that are prohibited because a safe landing at Maximum all up mass (MAUM) and in calm wind conditions from an autorotation is not possible
Areas of operation that are prohibited during autorotative flight because a safe landing at Maximum all up mass (MAUM) and in calm wind conditions cannot be guaranteed

You plan to descend from altitude 4000ft when seven nautical miles from an aerodrome to be level at 1500 feet overhead. Assuming a ground speed in the descent of 90kts, what is the approximate rate of descent required?

45ft/min
540ft/min
104ft/min
280ft/min

Mass x Arm = ?

Moment
Arm
Force
CG

CG can be calculated from

Total Moment divided by total mass
Total moment multiplied by total mass
Total Mass divided by Total Moment
Total Mass divided by Empty Mass

Which of the following do not necessarily form part of your pre-flight planning

Alternate aerodromes
Filing a Flight Plan
Checking Notams
Calculating Fuel

What is your MSA?

Maximum Safe All Up Mass
Minimum safe Altitude
Maximum Safe Airspace
Minimum Speed Attitude

A aircraft is maintaining a compass heading of 318°C, the deviation is 2°E, the true heading is 340°T. What is the magnetic variation?

8°E
10°E
10°W
8°W

A aircraft is maintaining a compass heading of 215°C, the deviation is 3°E, the true heading is 208°T. What is the magnetic variation?

4°E
10°E
10°W
4°W

You are planning a cross country flight and require the pressure altitude to calculate TAS. Your planned altitude is 3300’ and the regional QNH is 992hPa. What is the pressure altitude for planning purposes? (1hPa = 30’)

3300’
1982’
3930’
2670’

You have a planned Track of 295o and the forecast W/V showed a 11o of left drift. What heading should you fly?

295o
306o
284o
300o

VHF Direction Finding accuracy is mostly affected by:

Diurnal variation
obstruction to line of sight
Coastal errors
Night effect

If the scale of the chart is given as 1:250 000, how many km does 5cm represent?

125km
12.5km
5km
50km

Any point on the Earth can be described based on the

Parallels of Longitude and Meridians of Latitude
Great circles and Rhumlines
Parallels of Latitude and Meridians of Longitude
Meridians of Latitude and Anti-Meridians of Longitude

Which of the following is not a navigation aid?

DME
NDB
VOR
ADS

An aircraft sets heading overhead waypoint A at 1100UTC to fly to waypoint B which is 114nm away on a track of 230°T; the forecast met wind is 230/30, and the planned TAS is 100kts. What is the ETA overhead waypoint D?

1207UTC
1257UTC
1237UTC
1137UTC

An aircraft is flying between two points 120nm apart. After 40nm the aircraft is found to be 2nm to the right of the track. In order to route directly to the destination what heading correction is necessary?

3° left
6° left
4.5° left
4.5° right

How do the rotors allow a helicopter to fly?

The speed, shape and angle of the blades to the airflow cause a static pressure difference leading to a resultant force. The upwards component of that force is TRT.
The speed and angle of the blades forces air down, the reaction force against the ground of that air forces the helicopter up and is TRT.
The aerodynamic shape of the helicopter and horizontal tailplane produces a smooth airflow pattern with a chordwise distribution that lifts the blades.
The rotation of the blades compresses the air, leading to a pressure gradient that accelerates the air downwards and produces a thrust force upwards against the freestream air.

What is a tail rotor for? 1. 1.To oppose the torque from the engine

2.To provide yaw control in powered flight

3.To ensure the helicopter flies in trim

4.To prevent yaw during autorotation

All the above
1
1,2,3
2,3,4

What are the freedoms of movement of a rotor head?

Pitch, roll, yaw
Feather, flap, lead-lag
Cyclic, collective, pedals
Torsion, flexural, pitch

Total Drag is the sum of

Parasite Drag + Induced Drag
Parasite Drag + Rotor Profile Drag + Induced Drag
Profile Drag + Interference Drag + Rotor Drag + Parasite drag
Profile Drag + Skin Friction Drag + Interference Drag + Induced Drag

One of the factors limiting the forward speed of a helicopter is?

The amount of power available to overcome wave drag
The amount of power available to overcome induced drag
The amount of power available to overcome profile drag
The amount of power available to overcome parasite drag

Total Rotor Thrust opposes

Weight
Drag
Total Drag
Torque

Dynamic Rollover is

The result of landing on a slope
The result of rapidly increasing roll moment when mishandling the controls during landing
The result of taking off from sticky muddy ground
The result of a dynamic manoeuvre in high speed

Overpitching is when

The power limit has been reached and the collective pitch is increases
The pitch attitude of the helicopter is increased beyond the load factor limitations of the helicopter
The pitch attitude is rapidly increased during a high g manoeuvre overloading the rotors
When the engine is exceeding its power limits

Tail rotor drift or translating tendency is

When the tail rotor drift left or right due to insufficient pedal inputs
The reduced tail rotor efficiency in a crosswind
The drift of the helicopter that results from the correction of torque
The result of loss of tail rotor effectiveness

How is flapback corrected?

An automatic aerodynamic change in the pitch angle of the blades as the rotor disc tips forwards
An automatic aerodynamic change in the angle of attack as the rotor disc flaps backwards
Positive movement of the cyclic in the direction of flight
Trim tabs angles to change the pitch of the blades

In the event of an engine failure in flight:

Fully lowering the collective establishes autorotative forces that restore the rotor RPM
Rotor RPMs are restored by the freewheel unit disengages the engine from the rotor
Rotor RPM are restored by flaring the helicopter
Rotor RPM is restored when the freewheel unit is manually engaged.

On what type of rotor head will you find a teetering hinge:

Fully articulated rotor
Rigid rotor
Semi-rigid rotor
All of the above

Washout of a helicopter main rotor blade is a structural feature which:

Makes the spanwise lift distribution more uniform
Increases the lift capability at the blade tip
Creates a degree of sweep-back at the blade tip
Creates a degree of sweep-back at the blade root

The pilot’s use of the collective and cyclic affect both the rotor thrust and disc orientation by controlling the main rotor blades via a system known as the:

Freewheeling unit
Swashplate
Main gearbox
Correlator governor

The crankshaft in a piston engine under power:

Controls ignition timing
Controls the clearance intake and exhaust valves
Converts reciprocating motion into rotary motion
Converts rotary motion into reciprocating motion

The difference between a fully articulated rotor and a semi-rigid one is the:

Fully articulated rotor is free to feather and lead/lag whilst the semi-rigid rotor is free to flap and lead/lag
Fully articulated rotor is free to flap and feather whilst the semi-rigid rotor is free only to lead/lag
Fully articulated rotor is free to flap, feather and lead/lag whilst the semi-rigid rotor is free only to flap and feather
Fully articulated rotor is free to feather whilst the semi-rigid rotor is free to flap, feather and lead/lag

The airspeed indicator (ASI) shows indicated airspeed (IAS) which is related to dynamic pressure. Dynamic pressure is sensed in the ASI by comparing:

Total (pitot) pressure and dynamic pressure
Dynamic pressure and static pressure
Total (pitot) pressure and static pressure
Rate of change of static pressure and ambient pressure

Where in the transmission system is the clutch positioned?

On the main rotor drive shaft after the main gearbox
Between the main rotor gearbox and intermediate gearbox
Between the intermediate gearbox and the tail rotor gearbox
Between the engine drive shaft and main rotor gearbox

After starting a cold engine, if the oil pressure gauge does not indicate within approximately 30 seconds:

The engine must be stopped immediately
It may be ignored provided the oil level has been checked since, in the circumstances, only an over-reading would give cause for concern
The engine may continue to be run on the ground at low power settings for up to five minutes but NOT used for take-off until a reading is obtained
The throttle should be advanced until a reading is obtained

The purpose of the carburettor is

To create a fuel/air vaporised mixture to go into the engine
To filter the fuel going into the engine
To inject fuel into the cylinders
To heat the air going into the intake

Which of the following instruments are connected to an aircraft’s static source?

Altimeter, vertical speed indicator, airspeed indicator
Vertical speed indicator, airspeed indicator, direction indicator
Altimeter, turn and slip indicator, artificial horizon
Vertical speed indicator, artificial horizon, airspeed indicator

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